For the first time in decades, the United States is seriously evaluating its federal drug classification system, with a particular focus on cannabis reform. In recent years, national conversations have shifted as more states adopt medical and adult-use cannabis laws. Today, 38 states permit medical cannabis programs, and 24 states allow recreational use. This growing state-level framework has increased public attention on federal policy. As a result, federal scheduling is now under active review.
Cannabis is currently listed as a Schedule I substance under the Controlled Substances Act, a category reserved for drugs deemed to have no accepted medical use and a high potential for misuse. This classification was created in 1970 and has remained unchanged for more than 50 years. However, modern research and medical programs nationwide have challenged that status. In 2023, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommended reclassifying cannabis to Schedule III. The Drug Enforcement Administration is still reviewing the proposal.
A shift to Schedule III would not legalize cannabis federally, but it would acknowledge recognized medical value and reduce certain restrictions. Experts note it could ease barriers to research and potentially change how cannabis businesses are taxed at the federal level. It would also help narrow the gap between federal rules and state systems. Still, key regulations—including interstate commerce and banking limitations—would remain in place unless Congress acts.
The reassessment reflects evolving public attitudes. Recent national surveys show most Americans support medical cannabis access, and many favor broader reform. Policymakers, healthcare professionals, and industry leaders continue to monitor the federal process closely. While no final decision has been implemented yet, the discussion marks one of the most meaningful federal reviews of cannabis policy in half a century. Any outcome is expected to influence healthcare, business development, and regulatory structures for years to come.